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最新刊期
卷 50 ， 期 6 ， 2026
- 摘要：Extreme natural disasters, characterized by low probability and high loss, pose a severe threat to the secure and reliable operation of new distribution systems. Therefore, enhancing the resilience of new distribution systems against such events is urgently needed. With the evolution of new distribution systems, resilience enhancement technologies have expanded from temporal dimension coordination to physical dimension and resource dimension coordination. This paper first elaborates on the resilience enhancement framework for new distribution systems, encompassing four stages of resilience perception, resilience modeling, resilience assessment, and resilience enhancement. Subsequently, resilience enhancement technologies are discussed in detail from the temporal dimension, including pre-disaster prevention, disaster response, and post-disaster self-healing.This paper summarizes resilience enhancement technologies from the physical dimension, including main grid-distribution network-microgrid coordination, electricity-gas-heat multi-energy coordination, and cyber-physical system coordination. From the resource dimension, resilience enhancement technologies are analyzed involving source-grid-load coordination, flexible interconnection, and mobile energy storage support. Finally, key issues that urgently need to be studied on resilience enhancement technologies for new distribution systems are prospected.关键词：distribution system;extreme natural disaster;reliability;resilience;cyber-physical system;flexible interconnection1|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
Review·Perspective
- 摘要：Against the background of the accelerated development of new power systems, the deep coupling and hybrid operation of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) converters have become the norm. Most existing research focuses on the grid-connected scenarios, with limited investigation into their off-grid load operation. This paper establishes a load-carrying hybrid system with a single GFL converter and a single GFM converter with droop controller, and theoretically investigates the large-disturbance synchronization stability region of the hybrid system and corresponding stability state. First, the static stability limit of the system is analytically deduced, the existence condition and expression of the periodic stable equilibrium point (SEP) of the hybrid system are obtained. Then, based on the invariant manifold theory and the inverse trajectory method, the stability region and the corresponding stability state are analyzed, presenting three cases: 1)When the output of the GFL converter exceeds that of the GFM converter, the stability regions of each periodic SEP are separated, and the stability states include convergence to the original SEP/instability; 2)When the outputs of the GFL and GFM converters are comparable, the stability regions of each periodic SEP are adjacent but cannot cover the entire space, and the stability states include convergence to the original SEP/convergence to other SEPs/instability; 3)When the output of the GFL converter is less than that of the GFM converter, the stability regions of each periodic SEP are adjacent and can cover the entire space, and the stability states include convergence to the original SEP/convergence to other SEPs. In addition, this paper analyzes the influence of key parameters on the stability region and stability states. As the droop coefficient increases, the proportional coefficient of the phase-locked loop increases, or the integral coefficient decreases, the system stability region expands. Finally, the electromagnetic transient simulations and hardware-in-the-loop experiments are conducted to validate the conclusions.关键词：grid-following (GFL) converter;grid-forming (GFM) converter;droop control;stable equilibrium point (SEP);invariant manifold theory;inverse trajectory method;stability region;stability state0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：During voltage sags on the source side of the distribution network, the interactions between heterogeneous grid-following and grid-forming converters are prone to causing transient stability problems such as power angle instability and output overcurrent in the parallel system. This paper focuses on the energy coupling mechanisms and dynamic interaction characteristics of the parallel system of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and the grid-following energy storage system (GFL-ESS), and proposes a transient stability enhancement strategy based on the energy balance mechanism. By regulating the balance of active energy interaction between GFL-ESS and VSG, a dual-objective coordinated control is realized to ensure both VSG power angle stability and current safety. Firstly, a transient analysis model of the parallel system of VSG and current-controlled GFL-ESS is established, and the energy coupling mechanisms between the heterogeneous converters are investigated. Secondly, based on the improved Runge-Kutta algorithm and the phase plane method, the influence of GFL-ESS output current characteristics on the transient power angle stability of the parallel system is analyzed, and the feasible region for the coordinated and stable operation of multiple converters is qualitatively evaluated. Subsequently, aiming at different degrees of voltage sags, the active/reactive current safety boundaries of GFL-ESSs are quantitatively characterized, so as to realize the coordinated constraints for both power angle stability and current safety of the parallel system. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the control strategy are verified through simulations and experiments.关键词：parallel system;transient stability;grid-forming converter;grid-following energy storage system (GFL-ESS);virtual synchronous generator (VSG);energy balance;phase plane method;current-limiting control0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Grid-forming control allows the converter to be connected to the power grid as an equivalent voltage source, thereby enabling the system to actively support voltage and frequency. Currently, various grid-forming control strategies have been proposed for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines (WTs). However, the differences in small-disturbance stability characteristics among various grid-forming DFIG-based WTs remain unclear. This paper conducts a comparative study on the wideband impedance characteristics and grid-connection stability of five representative grid-forming DFIG-based WTs. Firstly, a unified form of an accurate wideband impedance model for various grid-forming DFIG-based WTs is established, whose accuracy is validated through frequency-scanning simulation. Secondly, the influences of various grid-forming control strategies and control parameters on the wideband impedance characteristics of DFIG-based WTs are comparatively analyzed. The intrinsic mechanistic differences between virtual synchronous generator control and inertial synchronization control are elucidated. On this basis, the generalized Nyquist criterion (GNC) is employed to investigate the influence rules of power grid strength and key control parameters on the grid-connection stability of various DFIG-based WTs. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified through time-domain simulation results.关键词：doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbines;grid-forming control;impedance;stability;virtual synchronous generator;inertia synchronization control;weak power grid0|1|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controlled grid-forming doubly-fed wind turbines exhibit inertia and damping characteristics similar to synchronous generators, and their synchronization processes rely on multi-level loop coupling effects, but are susceptible to active power-angle oscillations and associated stability risks. Therefore, an active power-angle transfer function for VSG-controlled grid-forming doubly-fed wind turbines considering multiple control loops is first established, and the instability mechanism of weakly damped active power-angle oscillations caused by multi-level loop coupling is revealed. Then, the influence and variation laws of key control parameters, including the power-synchronization loop and the voltage control loop, on the system dynamic performance are quantified based on the root-locus analysis, and the corresponding parameter stability region is described. On this basis, an active suppression method for active power-angle oscillations based on frequency damping is proposed. By feeding the virtual speed signal into the virtual synchronous angle, it enhances the power-angle response and tracking speed, avoids transient underdamping caused by response lag, expands the parameter stability domain, and improves the stable operation capability of grid-forming doubly-fed wind turbines in complex-disturbance scenarios. Finally, based on the time-domain and controller hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a grid-connected system with 2.5 MW grid-forming doubly-fed wind turbines, the accuracy and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis and the power-angle oscillation suppression strategy are jointly verified.关键词：doubly-fed wind turbine;grid-forming control;virtual synchronous generator;power-angle stability;frequency damping;oscillation suppression0|1|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：The transient synchronization characteristics of grid-forming converters with grid connection are significantly affected by the current limiting unit. Unlike single-axis (d-axis or q-axis) current limiting, the circular current limiting is able to balance both active and reactive power regulation demands, making it a critical type in the engineering design. However, the transient synchronization stability characteristics of grid-connected devices under its influence are still unclear. First, this paper studies the influence mechanism of circular current limiting on the transient synchronization of grid-forming converters with grid connection based on virtual synchronous generator control. It is demonstrated that during the circular current limiting period, there is a jump between the virtual power angle of the converter and the angle of its internal potential and the grid voltage phasor, resulting in the converter exhibiting time-varying phase characteristics as a current source. Then, a calculation method for critical clearing angle considering damping terms is proposed, and the transient synchronization stability characteristics of grid-forming converters with grid connection are further analyzed. It is found that the virtual power angle curves of the converter during the current limiting period are a group of cosine curves with time-varying offsets. Moreover, reduced current limiting thresholds will deteriorate the transient synchronization stability margins of the converters with grid connection. Finally, simulation results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis.关键词：virtual synchronous generator;transient synchronization;stability;grid-forming converter;damping;current limiting;virtual power angle curve0|2|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Transient instability may occur in grid-forming converters with limited overload capacity under large-disturbance faults.Firstly, the concept of transient stability enhancement in active power control loops is analyzed, and the influence of active power control loop parameters on transient power-angle and frequency stability is investigated. A relatively unified angular frequency proportional-integral-differential (PID) compensator is proposed. This method improves the power-angle dynamic process and constructs a power-angle equilibrium point by adjusting damping, power command, and inertia through proportional, integral, and derivative coefficients, thereby enhancing the transient stability performance of the converter. Secondly, considering the impact of current limiting amplitude on the converter, the inherent mechanism of deteriorating power-angle curve due to current limiting amplitude is revealed. Subsequently, for the transient stability analysis of compensator coefficients, the proportional and differential coefficients are applicable for fault ride-through when the power-angle balance point exists, while the integral coefficients are used to construct balance points for permanent fault ride-through. At the same time, a compensator parameter design process considering current limiting is proposed, highlighting the potential connection between current limiting and compensator parameters, and qualitatively describing it with transient stability indicators such as the size of the attraction domain and the length of the clearing time. Finally, the effectiveness of the angular frequency PID compensator in improving the transient stability performance of grid-forming converters is verified through simulation and experimental comparison of several schemes.关键词：grid-forming converter;active power control loop;current limiting amplitude;transient stability;proportional-integral-differential (PID) compensator;power-angle curve;fault ride-through0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：In the parallel system consisting of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters, the complex transient interaction mechanisms pose significant challenges to the transient synchronization stability of the system. To investigate the transient synchronization stability mechanism and its enhancement methods for the parallel system with GFM-GFL converters, a voltage-phase angle transient stability surface for the parallel system is first constructed, thereby the influence mechanism of phase angles for two types of converters on bus voltage transient stability is revealed. Subsequently, by considering the difference in synchronization modes and their influence patterns on bus voltage, the transient synchronization stability criteria and critical stability boundaries are derived. Furthermore, the transient stability surface is employed to delineate the transient stability region of the individual converters and the parallel system, and the influence of the GFM converter reactive power control loop on the system transient synchronous stability is analyzed accordingly. On this basis, a virtual capacitor control strategy is proposed with the bus voltage as the compensation target, which effectively supports the bus voltage during faults by releasing the reactive power potential of the GFM converter. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis and proposed strategies are verified through experiments.关键词：transient synchronization;stability;grid-forming control;grid-following control;virtual synchronous generator;heterogeneous parallel system;virtual impedance;fault ride-through0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：When the power grid experiences voltage sags due to large disturbances, converters controlled by virtual oscillators face dual risks of power angle instability and overcurrent, indicating insufficient fault ride-through capability. To address this issue, the transient characteristics of virtual oscillators are analyzed from three dimensions: the mechanism of power angle stability, the impact of voltage dynamics on power angle stability, and fault current dynamics. The necessary conditions for effective fault ride-through are also explored. Based on the above analysis, a transient power angle control scheme based on the synergetic control theory is proposed to enhance power angle stability. To tackle the overcurrent issue, a joint control architecture combining adaptive reference voltage and virtual impedance with decaying characteristics is designed to dynamically optimize the current response. Furthermore, a transient integrated control architecture is proposed, enabling efficient coordination between the solutions to these two issues through their control loops. This allows the converter to rapidly stabilize the power angle during transients while simultaneously limiting the transient current within safe thresholds. Simulation analysis and hardware-in-the-loop experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy enhances the converter fault ride-through capability, providing an effective technical solution for enhancing the operation stability of the power grid.关键词：renewable energy;grid-connection;grid-forming converter;virtual oscillator;transient stability;fault ride-through;current limitation;synergetic control1|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
Grid-forming Technology
- 摘要：With the large-scale integration of distributed power sources and loads like electric vehicles, the operating status of the distribution network has undergone significant changes. How to accurately assess the hosting capacity of the distribution network and adopt appropriate solutions to enhance it has become a problem worthy of studying. In view of the lack of effective collaborative assessment method for source-load hosting capacity of distribution network, the concept of “source-load hosting domain” of the distribution station area and the calculation method considering the overall maximum source-load access volume of the distribution network are proposed. Aiming at the problems of incomplete consideration of network hierarchy and insufficient utilization of scalable multiple distributed flexible resources in the hosting capacity enhancement methods for the distribution network, a multi-area flexible resource planning-operation co-optimization model of distribution network taking into account the multi-layer constraints of distribution station area, feeder line and substation is proposed. It is then decoupled into a two-layer model, and a distributed algorithm is used to obtain the hosting capacity enhancement scheme based on the allocation and regulation of flexible resources. Cases show that the proposed method can realize the collaborative assessment for the source-load hosting capacity of the distribution network, and it is more accurate and flexible than the traditional method. The proposed enhancement method can economically enhance the hosting capacity of the distribution network, promote the on-site consumption of renewable energy, reduce the waste of distribution assets, and improve the efficiency and feasibility of the model by introducing distributed solving algorithms.关键词：hosting capacity;assessment;flexible resource;distributed algorithm;distribution network0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：To improve the entire-process resilience of distribution networks under extreme natural disasters and satisfy real-time dispatch requirements for post-disaster recovery, this paper proposes a multi-layer collaborative resilience enhancement strategy for the distribution network considering entire-process endogenous and exogenous uncertainties. Firstly, the impact of disaster intensity and various reinforcement measures on the uncertainty of failure probability and restoration time is derived. Fuzzy sets representing the uncertainty of failure probability and post-disaster recovery time are established. Secondly, the dispatch models for pre-disaster differential planning, in-disaster generator tripping and load shedding, and post-disaster recovery are established. A resilience enhancement strategy for distribution networks is formulated, accounting for both endogenous and exogenous uncertainties. Then, to address the real-time dispatch requirements arising from uncertainties in the post-disaster recovery phase, a rolling optimization strategy for model predictive control based on forward-looking recovery plans is proposed, in which a feedback correction layer is introduced to identify recovery time exceeding expectations and the recovery plan is updated to ensure the optimum recovery strategy. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy are verified through case simulations and out-of-sample analysis on an IEEE 33-bus distribution network and a 32-node transportation network.关键词：extreme natural disaster;post-disaster recovery;uncertainty;distribution network;resilience;model predictive control (MPC);distributionally robust optimization;rolling optimization1|1|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：To fully leverage the dynamic guiding role of the distribution network in microgrid electric power transactions, enhance the flexibility of microgrid transactions, and avoid the decline of system economy caused by real-time fluctuations in electricity market trading prices, this paper proposes an electric power transaction method for coordinated interaction between distribution networks and microgrids based on a market coupling dynamic pricing mechanism. This method divides energy storage transaction modes on the distribution network side, and sets up an interruptible load mechanism on the microgrid side. Firstly, the distribution network side dynamically allocates its energy storage capacity based on external electricity market pricing and the source-load conditions within the microgrid, thereby formulating a dynamic pricing strategy. Secondly, the microgrid side formulates its own energy consumption strategy and interruption strategy based on external electricity market pricing, while responding to the pricing strategies of the distribution network. Finally, through coordinated interaction between distribution networks and microgrids, mutual interests are balanced amidst fluctuations in external electricity market prices. The case results show that, compared with the three-party game model involving the distribution network, shared energy storage, and microgrid without energy storage allocation, the average revenues on the distribution network and shared energy storage sides increase by 6.19% and 1.73%, respectively. The interruptible load mechanism based on a hierarchical pricing feedback mechanism maintains the ratio of cost reductions on the microgrid side to revenue reductions on the distribution network side at over 1.9.关键词：distribution network;microgrid;electricity market;dynamic pricing;energy storage;interruptible load;electric power transaction0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Aiming at the increasing number of extreme wind power output events caused by frequent extreme weather, and the output uncertainty is hard to be accurately characterized, a method for day-ahead wind power scenario generation based on generalized transfer learning is proposed. Firstly, a meta-training mechanism that can update model parameters across tasks is embedded in the transfer learning framework, enabling the model to extract general knowledge and possess good cross-task generalization ability, thus adapting to the demands of small sample modeling and effectively alleviating distribution shift problems. Secondly, in order to reduce the risk of overfitting in deep models generated by embedding meta-training in transfer learning, a lightweight parameter training technique is designed to reduce the number of training parameters and improve the modeling ability of deep models in small sample tasks. In addition, the lightweight parameter layer can directly adjust the data distribution under extreme conditions in the target domain to better match the source domain model, thereby further alleviating the problem of distribution shift. Finally, validation is conducted in each category of extreme event scenarios. The proposed method only relies on a small number of samples to fine-tune the model, which can achieve the day-ahead scenario generation of multiple types of wind power extreme events. The verification results based on actual data from a wind farm in Gansu Province, China show that, the proposed method can achieve efficient and accurate wind power scenario generation under four types of extreme events.关键词：wind power;transfer learning;extreme event;scenario generation;meta-training;small sample1|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：The new distribution system exhibits characteristics of low inertia and weak damping, necessitating distributed generators to provide inertia support and participate in frequency regulation. As an efficient and low-carbon hydrogen-to-electricity conversion device, fuel cells are typically grid-following when integrated into the power grid, and their grid-forming capabilities remain to be further explored. However, the nonlinear electrochemical output characteristics of fuel cells and the state of hydrogen storage constrain their grid-forming support capabilities, requiring the delineation of safe operation boundaries to ensure stable operation. First, a nonlinear electrochemical model of the fuel cell is established to characterize its safe operation boundaries across time scales ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to hours. Then, a multi-mode based grid-forming control strategy for fuel cells is proposed. This strategy dynamically adjusts the output current of the fuel cell based on the state of hydrogen storage and frequency deviations, enabling rapid support within hundreds of milliseconds and frequency regulation control at the second-level timescale. Additionally, the strategy possesses independent operation capability, providing design principles for key parameters. Finally, simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC validate the effectiveness of the proposed control.关键词：fuel cell;grid-forming control;inertia support;frequency regulation;multiple constraints0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：As a typical control strategy for grid-forming converters, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can actively provide voltage and frequency support for the power system when equipped with an energy storage system. However, it also faces transient synchronization instability issues similar to those of synchronous generators. This paper explores the relationship between the transient instability of VSG-controlled grid-connected converters and damping. By employing the extended equal area criterion and the phase plane method, the influence of damping is qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, and it is concluded that increasing damping can effectively enhance the transient synchronization stability of VSG. Therefore, based on the complex torque model of VSG, a reactive power feedforward control method is proposed to enhance damping and improve the transient synchronization stability of VSG through the introduction of an auxiliary branch. This method overcomes the limited improvement in damping by adjusting synchronization loop parameters in VSG control and achieves a significant increase in damping through additional damping mechanisms. Furthermore, to address the transient issue of VSG losing the equilibrium point after a fault, dynamic adjustment of the active power reference value is incorporated into the damping enhancement control, enabling the proposed method to handle various transient synchronization instability problems. Finally, experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.关键词：grid-forming converter;virtual synchronous generator (VSG);transient stability;damping;phase trajectory;extended equal area criterion;phase plane method0|1|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have garnered extensive attention due to their grid-forming capability. In order to enhance the transient stability of VSGs under power grid fault conditions, a notch filter-based hybrid synchronization control (NF-HSC) strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy can enhance the synchronous operation capability of single-phase VSG, while effectively filtering out the double-frequency ripples and improving the quality of the grid-connected current. Firstly, a large-signal model of the NF-HSC is established, and the influencing mechanism of NF-HSC on transient stability is analyzed in detail. Secondly, based on the small-signal model of systems, the influence of control parameters of the phase-locked loop (PLL) on system stability is analyzed, and a parameter design method is proposed. Finally, a 1 kW single-phase VSG prototype is built for verification. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the traditional VSG control and hybrid synchronous control of low-pass filter (LPF-HSC), the VSG with the proposed NF-HSC has stronger transient stability under various operating conditions, including severe power grid voltage sags and wide-range variations in power grid strength.关键词：virtual synchronous generator;grid-forming converter;notch filter;hybrid synchronization control;transient stability;parameter design0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Flexible DC transmission is widely applied in renewable energy integration and delivery scenarios such as Gobi Desert and other arid areas and offshore areas. However, control interactions between flexible DC transmission and renewable energy equipment may lead to oscillatory instability in the system. Due to the randomness of renewable energy output, both the dynamic interaction objects and stability of flexible DC systems with renewable energy exhibit probabilistic characteristics. Taking a direct-drive wind farm as an example, the study constructs probability relationships of mode resonance between multiple wind farms and flexible DC sending-end converter stations for uncertain interaction objects. For stability outcome uncertainty, probability relationships of mode damping for the closed-loop system is established. Then, the mechanism of mode resonance migration caused by wind power fluctuations is revealed, which results from the combined influence of dual uncertainties in interaction objects and stability outcomes. On this basis, instability probability evaluation indicators for renewable energy-flexible DC sending-end systems based on damping probability distribution curves are proposed, as well as resonance object probability indicators derived from wind farm open-loop modes and residues, which are used to analyze instability risks from mode resonance migration and highly participatory wind farms. Finally, numerical statistics and simulation experiments validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method, providing robust theoretical support for the stable operation of the renewable energy-flexible DC sending-end system.关键词：renewable energy;flexible DC transmission;wind farm;mode resonance;small-signal stability;instability;probability evaluation0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
Basic Research
- 摘要：The sensitivity calculation of transmission sections is a key link in the electricity spot market clearing, and is influenced by the placement modes of active power balancing units. In regions with severe transmission section congestion of networks, conventional unbalanced power allocation modes that rely solely on fixed single or a few units may introduce deviations in the power flow calculation, which will exert an adverse impact on the electricity spot market clearing and pricing. In the context of provincial electricity spot market, a sensitivity calculation method for transmission sections that incorporates multiple balancing units across the entire power grid is proposed. By widely placing active power balancing units in the entire power grid, the robustness of sensitivity calculation is effectively enhanced, the control effect of clearing sections is optimized, and the clearing efficiency of electricity spot markets is improved. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through a three-machine three-bus system and actual systems of a specific provincial power grid of China.关键词：sensitivity calculation;transmission section;multiple power balancing units;active power balancing;electricity spot market;clearing0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
- 摘要：Equivalent modeling of large-scale wind farms is the basis for verifying stability control strategies of power grid with centralized transmission of wind power based on the “grid simulation+physical/emulated stability control devices” approach in laboratory environments. Currently, the control objects of the stability control system have expanded from renewable energy stations to internal feeders and even units, while the equivalent methods for renewable energy stations lag behind the development of stability control technologies. Therefore, this paper proposes a practical equivalent modeling method for large-scale wind farms suitable for stability control strategy verification. Focusing on the control architecture and principles of stability control systems of power grid with centralized transmission of renewable energy, an equivalent technical route for large-scale wind farms considering stability control operations is proposed. On this basis, a five-unit equivalent method for large-scale wind farms considering stability control actions is proposed. Furthermore, considering the practical requirements on the stability control verification, an adaptive matching modeling method for equivalent parameters of wind farms is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed equivalent method is verified in an extended IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system.关键词：wind farm;stability control strategy;stability control system;system verification;equivalent modeling0|0|0更新时间：2026-08-21
Engineering Application
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