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最新刊期
卷 48 ， 期 1 ， 2024
- 摘要：At present, carbon perception based on greenhouse gas satellite remote sensing technology is gradually becoming a crucial component of new-generation carbon measurement methods. However, accurately extracting carbon emissions data generated by human activities from carbon satellite data represents a key and highly challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel artificial intelligence algorithm, integrating carbon satellite and electricity emission data, to achieve precise carbon emission measurement. Firstly, we introduce the multimodal data sources used, including carbon satellite and power data, and design corresponding data processing methods. Subsequently, we propose a deep learning method that considers the characteristics of this multimodal data, and construct a data-driven model that reflects the functional relationship among carbon satellite data, power generation data, and carbon source emissions. Finally, based on the carbon concentration remote sensing data from the American OCO-2 carbon satellite and continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data from 1 304 American power plants, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the measurement of carbon emissions from power plants.关键词：carbon satellite;electricity;artificial intelligence;deep learning;carbon emission;carbon measurement6|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The accurate calculation of the carbon emission indicator on the user side is the key to guiding the usage of low-carbon energy for users. However, the current carbon trajectory tracking methods for integrated energy systems only consider steady states, which cannot accurately calculate the carbon emission indicators of the natural gas and thermal system with significant load variation and long dynamic processes. Therefore, based on the superposition principle, the energy flow tracking and carbon entropy analysis of dynamic natural gas and thermal systems are carried out. Firstly, the dynamic energy flow model based on the superposition characteristics of the natural gas and thermal systems is established. Then, the energy flow is tracked by taking the line pack in the natural gas network and the time delay in the thermal network into consideration, and the source-load energy flow relationship within the system is defined. Secondly, based on the carbon entropy theory, the dynamic carbon entropy analysis methods of natural gas and thermal systems are proposed to clarify the source-load carbon emission relationships, and refined carbon emission indicators on the user side are formed. Finally, an integrated energy system in Jilin Province, China is taken as a case to verify the effectiveness of the model in dynamic energy flow analysis and carbon entropy analysis. The necessity of dynamic carbon trajectory tracking is also verified by comparing the model with the steady-state carbon trajectory tracking method.关键词：integrated energy system;superposition characteristic;dynamic energy flow tracking;carbon entropy;carbon trajectory3|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Microgrid cluster technology promotes the collaborative consumption of distributed renewable energy among microgrids through the coordination and complementarity among multiple microgrids, and is considered as an important means for distributed generators to access the grid in the future new power system. Considering the coordination and mutual assistance characteristics of the microgrid cluster, a cloud energy storage operation architecture for the microgrid cluster which realizes the shared use of both centralized and distributed energy storage facilities is proposed. Specifically speaking, centralized energy storage is shared among all microgrids in the microgrid cluster, providing services to all microgrids through collaborative construction and capacity sharing, aiming to reduce the energy storage usage costs of each microgrid. Meanwhile, the distributed energy storage mainly serves various microgrids in the microgrid cluster, with the main goal of ensuring the reliability of each microgrid itself, while also taking into account the demand of coordination and mutual assistance for energy storage reuse. On this basis, a multi-objective two-level optimal configuration model of cloud energy storage driven by economy, low-carbon and reliability is constructed, and the model solution based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ is realized. After that, a business mode for cloud energy storage system in microgrid clusters is established. Based on the Shapley value method and operation simulation, a reasonable allocation of investment, operation costs, and benefits for cloud energy storage systems is achieved, and a method for allocating the initial investment cost of the cloud energy storage is proposed. Finally, based on the IEEE 33-bus system, a microgrid cluster system is built and case studies are carried out. The results show that the proposed method can provide a solution set of cloud energy storage configuration schemes for different investment preferences, and verify the effectiveness of cloud energy storage mode to improve the investment and operation benefits of the system.关键词：cloud energy storage;microgrid cluster;optimal configuration;multi-objective optimization;business mode3|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the continuous promotion of “carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality” strategy in China, the green and low-carbon transformation of integrated energy systems is imminent. Aiming at the problems of poor flexibility of traditional carbon capture power plants and the difficulty in integrating wind power into the grid, a low-carbon economic dispatch model of the integrated energy system considering carbon capture power plants and multi-utilization of hydrogen energy is proposed. Firstly, the traditional carbon capture power plant is reformed by introducing a liquid storage tank to improve the operation flexibility of the power plant to deal with wind power fluctuations. Secondly, a multi-utilization structure of hydrogen energy including two-stage power-to-gas, hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen storage tank and hydrogen-doped combined heat and power is constructed to fully exploit the coordinated operation potential of hydrogen energy utilization and the carbon capture power plant. On this basis, a cascaded carbon trading mechanism is introduced to establish a low-carbon economic dispatch model with the optimization objective of minimizing the sum of carbon trading, carbon sequestration, coal and gas purchase costs. The simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively improve the wind power accommodation level and energy utilization efficiency of the system, and has significant low-carbon economic benefits. In addition, the carbon trading benchmark price can be set properly to guide the system to increase the level of carbon capture.关键词：carbon capture power plant;hydrogen energy;carbon trading;low-carbon economic dispatch;integrated energy system3|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Power System Analysis and Optimization from Carbon Perspective
- 摘要：The accurate assessment of demand response potential prorides data support for the power grid dispatch departments to formulate scientific and reasonable dispatch plans, which is of great significance to various stakeholders involved in the implementation process of demand response. Due to the high and regular electricity consumption of industrial loads, the regulatory potential that can be tapped is enormous, making it one of the most ideal demand response resources. First, for typical adjustable users, cluster analysis is conducted on their main types of electricity consumption plans, and each electricity consumption plan is depicted based on the maximal relevance and minimal redundancy criterion. Then, a dataset of typical adjustable users with different electricity consumption plans is used as the training set for the ultra-short-term load forecasting to obtain the adjustable capacity of typical users during the dispatch period. Finally, based on the proposed framework for assessing the response potential of the park, the typical adjustable load categories of each factory are determined based on the electricity consumption behavior clustering, and the adjustable capacity of the corresponding type of loads in the park is obtained based on the proportion of each type of adjustable load, thereby obtaining the total regulatory potential of the park. Simulation results show that the proposed assessment method can analyze the regulatory potential of various adjustable loads in the park, and the effectiveness of the assessment method is verified by combining actual data on the total regulatory potential of the park.关键词：demand response;adjustable capacity;industrial park;industrial load;clustering analysis;electricity consumption behavior;portrait3|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Residential air conditioning load serves as a crucial flexibility resource in the power system, and the evaluation of its regulation potential contributes to efficient load management and promotes energy conservation and emission reduction. However, due to the limits such as financial cost, data storage, and privacy protection, direct measurement of the residential air conditioning states and parameters is difficult, thereby hindering the differentiation evaluation of the air conditioning load regulation potential of different residents. Furthermore, residents use air conditioning to meet their thermal comfort requirements. Neglecting the constraints of thermal comfort when evaluating the air conditioning load regulation potential may result in overestimating evaluation values, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of load management strategies. Hence, this paper proposes a differentiation evaluation method of regulation potential for residential air conditioning load considering the thermal comfort. The method establishes the models for residential thermal comfort and air conditioning thermodynamics, and extracts key parameters that influence the residential thermal comfort and air conditioning load. Subsequently, a hidden Markov model and the Viterbi algorithm are employed to identify the air conditioning states and parameters. On this basis, the air conditioning load regulation potentials within the acceptable ranges of different resident thermal comfort levels are calculated. The case analysis based on real residential load data demonstrates that the proposed method accurately identifies the residential air conditioning states, and effectively evaluates the air conditioning load regulation potential that meets the thermal comfort requirements of residents.关键词：residential air conditioning load;thermal comfort;state identification;regulation potential evaluation;hidden Markov model;Viterbi algorithm5|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The widespread construction of data centers is a developing trend in the intelligent era. The rational planning of data centers, considering their load transfer characteristics while ensuring service quality, holds great significance in reducing the overall cost of data center planning and enhancing the flexibility of new power systems. Therefore, a data center computing power and electric power resource optimization planning method considering the guidance of multiple electricity markets is proposed. Firstly, a virtual generator and a virtual energy storage model are established using the polyhedral bounding contraction method to describe the aggregated characteristics of the data center park. Then, based on the settlement rules of different electricity markets, the methods and economic benefits of data center parks participating in the electricity frequency regulation-capacity market are investigated. On this basis, with the goal of minimizing comprehensive costs, the construction capacity of generators, energy storage, and the number of servers in the data center park are optimized. Finally, taking Alibaba’s publicly available operational data as an example, it is demonstrated that considering diversified power markets can greatly reduce the planning costs of data centers, incentivize investment and construction of more flexible resources in data center parks, and provide effective frequency regulation services and capacity support for the power grid.关键词：data center;planning;computing power;virtual energy storage;electricity market;confidence capacity3|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The multi-energy collaborative operation of distributed energy systems is of great significance for promoting the consumption of renewable energy. However, the uncertainty of sources and loads in distributed energy systems, as well as the spatiotemporal differences in heterogeneous energy networks, pose significant challenges to the optimization problem of multi-energy collaboration.A two-stage multi-energy collaborative optimization model for distributed energy systems is proposed to address this issue. A two-stage decoupling decision-making approach of long-time scale control and short-time scale control is adopted, thereby achieving sequential decision-making for composite spaces with different time response characteristics. Subsequently, in the face of high-dimensional composite search space and source-load uncertainty factors, a deep reinforcement learning model free solution is adopted, and a novel hierarchical deep reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed for solving. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and solving method are verified through numerical simulations.关键词：distributed energy system;renewable energy;multi-energy collaboration;sequential decision-making;deep reinforcement learning5|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Hybrid energy storage systems can capitalize on the diverse advantages of different types of energy storage in terms of both capacity and power. However, in rolling optimization scheduling, electricity energy storage resources (such as battery storage) can be limited in their ability to perform peak shaving and load leveling due to relatively short intra-day rolling time windows. Conversely, power energy storage resources (such as super-capacitor) may have their effectiveness in mitigating wind power fluctuations compromised by longer day-ahead time windows. To address these two issues, this paper presents a day-ahead and intra-day coordinated rolling scheduling strategy that simultaneously considers both electricity and power energy storage resources. First, to address the limited peak-shaving capacity of electricity energy storage, the intra-day rolling period is extended to cover the remaining duration of a day and the scheduling horizon are divided into two parts with different temporal resolutions. This approach encourages the maximum possible involvement of this type of energy storage resource in peak shaving and load leveling while simultaneously improving the model computational efficiency. Then, to address the constraint on power energy storage resources for mitigating fluctuations, a strategy that imposes energy quantity constraints within a finite time window based on statistical analysis of extreme points of fluctuations is proposed. This strategy prevents the resource from depleting its energy reserves due to excessive participation in peak shaving and load leveling. Case studies demonstrate that the scheduling strategy presented in this paper harnesses the scheduling potential of different energy storage resources, achieving peak shaving and load leveling while effectively dampening wind power fluctuations and enhancing wind power accommodation capacity.关键词：wind power accommodation;energy storage;peak shaving and load leveling;rolling scheduling;two-stage optimization4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the continuous increase in the accessing proportion of renewable energy, the grid-connected system gradually tends to be a multi-infeed system and the grid strength is gradually weakened. The resonance problem will become one of the key factors which limits the improvement of the renewable energy penetration rate. Therefore, with the constraints on harmonic resonance, an optimal allocation method is proposed to increase the maximum accessing capacity of multi-infeed renewable energy clusters. First, the impedance model of the grid-connected inverter with operation points is established, and the aggregation model of the generalized multi-infeed system is obtained based on the electrical network theory. Then, the extreme function of phase margin with respect to cluster capacity is constructed, and the extreme condition under which the cluster impedance sensitivity should be kept consistent when the stability margin is maximum under a certain capacity is obtained by using the Lagrange multiplier method. On this basis, aiming at the maximum support demand of the renewable energy of the regional grid under the resonance constraint, a cluster capacity threshold value solving and an allocation optimization methods based on the sensitivity collaboration are proposed, and the complexity of the proposed method is analyzed. The proposed method is simple and efficient, and the computing power demand is small during capacity planning. Finally, the feasibility of the theoretical analysis and proposed method is verified by the cases of IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 33-bus regional microgrids in the real-time digital simulation hardware-in-the-loop.关键词：penetration rate;renewable energy;multi-infeed system;impedance;resonance;sensitivity;capacity allocation4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The modular multilevel converter with partly integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-PBESS) can save construction costs while connecting energy storage, but its control is more complicated. For the MMC-PBESS topology where the lower bridge arm is connected to battery energy storage, a mathematical model and an equivalent circuit are established. On this basis, a capacitor voltage balancing strategy is given, a control strategy for upper/lower bridge arm separate control is proposed, and the operation boundary is analyzed. A simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink platform to simulate the operation conditions of different AC to DC power ratios. The proposed control strategy can achieve the battery charging function while maintaining the capacitor voltage balance. This strategy does not require additional circulation calculations, and the upper and lower bridge arm control is decoupled, making it simple and flexible.关键词：battery energy storage system (BESS);modular multilevel converter (MMC);bridge arm;capacitor voltage balance4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Basic Research
- 摘要：Residential users take load aggregators as intermediaries to participate in demand response, and often do not have the right to speak and choose in transactions, thus resulting in the trust problems such as opaque information and excessive third-party power. At the same time, due to the poor information acquisition ability and the weak real-time load control ability, it is difficult for residents to share equal decision-making rights, informed rights and discourse rights in aggregation response. Therefore, based on the blockchain technology, a multi-party co-governance transaction mode for load aggregators and residential users is designed, and a blockchain node model and configuration method are established based on the basic principle of autonomous sharing among the blockchain nodes of residential users and aggregators with three types of flexible loads; Based on the new mode of aggregate response between load aggregators and residential user nodes, an incentive mechanism supported by non-cooperative game between aggregators, evolutionary game between residential users, Stackelberg game between aggregators and residential users is constructed. An incentive compatible smart contract algorithm and block data structure are designed, and the response identification factor and incentive rationality coefficient are proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed transaction mode. Finally, the simulation results of a case show that the proposed transaction mode can ensure the efficiency and credibility of aggregation services on the basis of ensuring the utility of each transaction node, and is conducive to waking up massive sleeping resources on the demand side.关键词：smart contract;blockchain;load aggregator;residential user;transaction mode;non-cooperative game;evolutionary game;Stackelberg game;demand response;incentive compatibility4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The decrease in system inertia and the increase in risk factors for triggering cascading trips in the new power system makes the importance of preventing cascading trips increasingly prominent. Aiming at this problem, a method integrated with energy storage is proposed for suppressing cascading trips in power grid. By using the fast response characteristics of energy storage, the energy storage is put into operation to regulate the power flow in the early stage of power flow transfer, which can quickly suppress the temperature rise of the wires and gain time for the subsequent participation of hydrothermal power units and other slow-responding backup power sources in regulation. Based on dynamic maximum electrical betweenness of the network, risk scanning and demand calculation, the paper proposes a “three-step” allocation decision-making method for energy storage, including constructing a cascading tripping prevention and control plan that reflects network weaknesses and time-varying risks and solving the spatial and temporal selection problem of energy storage resources to suppress cascading tripping. Based on the dynamic thermal characteristics of transmission lines, a calculation method for energy storage power and capacity during the coordinated regulation of energy storage and hydrothermal power is proposed, and the scale of energy storage resources required to prevent cascading tripping is determined. The N-1 and N-2 fault calculation cases are provided for IEEE 30-bus network to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.关键词：cascading tripping;fast response;power flow;relay protection;transmission line;dynamic thermal characteristic;energy storage4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Low-frequency transmission technology has enormous potential for application in the field of medium- and long-distance offshore wind power. Current differential protection is a widely used traditional AC protection, and its performance may be impacted when facing power electronic power sources. Therefore, it is necessary to study its adaptability in offshore wind power low-frequency transmission systems. The paper derives the influence of source characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous generators and modular multilevel matrix converters on fault current based on fault composite sequence networks, and theoretically analyzes the adaptability of current differential protection. To quantitatively analyze the adaptability of protection, a fault electrical quantity calculation method based on improved node equation is proposed, which calculates the fault current and protection criterion values under given fault conditions, and judges the protection operation situation. Research shows that the sensitivity of protection decreases and may even fail to operate during single-phase-to-ground and two-phase short-circuit faults. The protection can operate normally under two-phase-to-ground and three-phase short-circuit faults. Finally, a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation model is established to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and calculation methods.关键词：offshore wind power;low-frequency transmission;current differential protection;protection adaptability;permanent magnet synchronous generator;modular multilevel matrix converter4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：When the inverter station has only one outgoing line, if the fault of the AC line near the inverter station occurs, the complex characteristics of the inverter station make it difficult for the traditional directional element to identify the fault direction. In this paper, the fault characteristics of AC transmission lines near inverter stations are analyzed. Then, the similarity between AC line current and current variation of the AC boundary element in time domain is proposed. And an electromagnetic transient calculation method is also proposed to calculate current of AC boundary elements by measuring voltage and current. Finally, based on the difference of the waveform distance coefficients between AC line current and AC boundary element current in time domain under forward fault and reverse fault conditions, a new fault direction discrimination principle is proposed. And its performance is verified by extensive simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed directional element can accurately identify the fault direction and has high reliability and sensitivity.关键词：AC/DC hybrid power system;inverter station;directional element;electromagnetic transient calculation;waveform distance coefficient4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Real-time simulation of power electronics is currently an important tool in the research process of power electronic systems. In order to design an economical and reliable real-time simulation system of power electronics, this paper builds a hardware platform with the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) as the computing core and proposes a supporting electromagnetic simulation algorithm and the FPGA architecture design. Firstly, a simplified electromagnetic transient programs (EMTP) algorithm is derived to improve the parallelism of traditional off-line algorithms. Secondly, the virtual power loss problem of the fixed-admittance switch model is analyzed from the perspective of the numerical algorithm, and an initial error correction algorithm is proposed to eliminate the power loss. Thirdly, in tandem with the above algorithms, an FPGA architecture with digital signal processing (DSP) hardcore resource reuse based on the state machine framework is designed to realize the efficient utilization of resources in the way of hardware resource reuse, which improves the utilization efficiency of the FPGA without loss of speed. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are verified by several real-time simulation cases.关键词：electromagnetic transient simulation;real-time simulation;power electronic switch;virtual power loss;field-programmable gate array (FPGA);resource reuse4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Application Research
- 摘要：The combined data-knowledge-driven artificial intelligence method is a better combined method that utilizes the advantages of data-driven and knowledge-driven methods, complementing each other’s strengths and weaknesses. The paper analyzes the characteristics and current situation of the combined-driven methods, classifies and calculates its key application scenarios in power dispatching. The innovation, improvement, and application advantages of combined-driven methods in various scenarios compared to single methods are summarized. Three combined modeling methods for power dispatching combined data-knowledge-driven methods have been summarized: data-driven optimizing knowledge-driven mode, knowledge-driven assisting data-riven mode, and hybrid data-knowledge-driven mode. Finally, the challenging issues in combined modeling are discussed from five dimensions: the balance between accuracy and efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability. The application scenarios of combined-driven methods in power dispatching are discussed and prospected.关键词：power dispatching;artificial intelligence;data-driven;knowledge-driven;combined-driven6|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Review
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