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最新刊期
卷 47 ， 期 4 ， 2023
- 摘要：Toward carbon neutrality target, the successive retirement of coal-fired power and the accelerated development of renewable energy in the power grid with high proportion of hydropower will cause many problems such as the weakening regulation capability, security and stability, and the adaptability of the power supply structure and power grid structure will face significant challenges. In order to cope with the common problems and challenges faced by power grid with high proportion of hydropower in the process of energy transition, a research framework of power grid with high proportion of hydropower toward carbon neutrality target is established, and the key issues that need to be studied in the process of carbon neutrality energy transition are analyzed from four aspects, i.e., the generation expansion planning, the network expansion planning, the stability analysis and control, the planning scheme evaluation and operation simulation. On this basis, the evolution paradigm of power grid with high proportion of hydropower toward carbon neutrality target is explained in terms of the transition period and the formation period. Taking Sichuan Power Grid of China as an example, the evolution path of the power supply structure and the main grid structure for its transformation toward carbon neutrality target are proposed, which show the applicability of the proposed research framework and evolution paradigm.关键词：carbon neutrality;hydropower generation;clean energy;power grid planning;ultra-high voltage;renewable energy2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Power Energy Transition for Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality
- 摘要：Standby reserve is a necessary measure to deal with the strong uncertainty of power systems. With the continuous advancement of the electricity market reform, one of the keys is to scientifically determine the reserve capacity and allocate the reserve cost fairly and reasonably among the responsible participants. In view of the uncertainties of load, renewable energy, etc., this paper proposes a method for reserve capacity estimation and its cost allocation. The reserve capacity is determined according to the fluctuations of uncertainty prediction errors, and the reserve cost is allocated reasonably by Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) theory. First, an estimation method based on non-parametric kernel density is proposed to describe probability density curves of prediction errors for renewable energy/loads. It does not need to assume that the renewable energy follows a fixed distribution. On this basis, scenario simulation generation method of the reserve demand is proposed based on the Monte Carlo method to determine the total reserve capacity. Then, according to the VCG theory, the value of one market participant (the renewable energy/load) is quantified by the substitution benefits of other market participants, and the reserve cost is allocated to the renewable energy/load side proportionally based on the value. Finally, taking the modified IEEE 30-bus system and 661-bus system of a provincial power grid in China as examples for simulation analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.关键词：reserve capacity;cost allocation;non-parametric kernel density;Monte Carlo method;Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) theory4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the rapid development of the power generation technology of renewable energy on a global scale, the pressure of renewable energy accommodation on power grids in various countries has become increasingly prominent. The use of cross-border transmission networks for cross-border transaction of renewable energy is an effective way to improve the utilization of renewable energy. However, the existing cross-border electricity trading market often adopts a fixed power and tariff approach, which makes it difficult to incentivize the cross-border accommodation of renewable energy. Therefore, a bilateral transaction decision-making method for cross-border new power system based on Stackelberg game is proposed. First, based on the existing cross-border electric energy negotiation and transaction mode, a cross-border renewable energy incentive transaction model considering the demand for renewable energy cross-border transaction is proposed. Then, based on the initial transaction plan and tie line constraints of the two countries, the cross-border accommodation potential of renewable energy is analyzed, and a Stackelberg game model is established with the renewable energy purchaser as the leading layer and the electricity seller as the following layer. According to the characteristics of the privacy of the cross-border transaction information between the two countries, a distributed iterative algorithm is used to solve the game model. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the cross-border bilateral game decision-making of the surplus renewable energy are verified by a case.关键词：new power system;renewable energy transaction;high proportion of renewable energy;cross-border bilateral transaction;Stackelberg game2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Under the background of electric auxiliary service markets, the cooperation and interest game of both sides of source and load coexist. The existing research lacks the feasibility and economic evaluation study of combined operation of wind power enterprises and regenerative electric heating users. Based on the analysis of the variation of the operation cost of the regenerative electric heating users participating in the frequency regulation auxiliary market, the optimal decision model for the combined operation of wind power and regenerative electric heating users participating in the frequency regulation market is established. The model aims at maximizing the profit of wind power enterprises and the cost reduction of regenerative electric heating users, and takes into account the influence of the combined participation of regenerative electric heating and energy storage in the frequency regulation auxiliary service and the life loss of energy storage. By analyzing the Pareto solution of the multi-objective optimization model, the feasibility of the combined operation of wind power enterprises and regenerative electric heating users is demonstrated. Taking the actual wind farm operation data as an example, the feasibility of the combined operation of wind power enterprises and regenerative electric heating users is verified. Results of the case analysis show that compared with the independent operation, both the profit of wind power enterprises and the operation cost reduction of regenerative electric heating users in the combined operation mode increase.关键词：wind power;energy storage;regenerative electric heating;frequency regulation auxiliary service;operation mode2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The combination of various states of multi-type energy units in the micro-energy grid (MEG) from starting, running to stopping constitutes different operation states of the MEG. To achieve the precise dispatch and control of the states at the whole operation stage of the MEG, a unified dispatch and control architecture for the MEG with the integration of the cyber-physical fusion is proposed, which is divided into object layer, integration layer, and optimization layer. The object layer adopts the form of a feature vector to unifiedly describe the characteristics of energy flow, information flow, and capital flow in the MEG. The integration layer describes the operation state of the energy unit in the MEG and the interactive effects of energy flow, information flow, and capital flow in each stage of the transition of the operation state. The optimization layer determines the global optimization operation strategy of the system based on the different optimization objectives of the system. Based on the established model, the research on day-ahead optimal scheduling of MEG is carried out. The numerical results show that compared with the traditional modeling and control methods, the three-layer modeling and dispatch and control architecture of cyber-physical fusion realizes the optimal control of the state change trajectories of various energy units at the whole operation stage of the MEG.关键词：micro-energy grid;dispatch and control;optimal operation;cyber-physical fusion;energy flow;information flow;capital flow2|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：To consider the uncertainties and the differentiated interests of multiple entities in the coordinated optimization between intelligent buildings (IB) and integrated community ernergy system (ICES), a dispatch strategy for Stacklberg game coordinated optimization between IB and ICES based on chance-constrained programming is proposed. First, based on the heat storage characteristics of IB, a resistor-capacitor (RC) network is used to model the thermal dynamics process of building envelope. Second, based on the thermal dynamic model, a heating demand response (HDR) model of building consumers with adjustable radiator is constructed. A Stackelberg game method is used to model the coordinated optimization for ICES and IB considering the differentiated interests of ICES and IB. Then, considering the impact of uncertainties of wind power and photovoltaic output on coordinated optimal dispatch between ICES and IB, a chance-constrained programming method is used to solve the Stacklberg game model between ICES and IB. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method can ensure the benefits of ICES and IB under the uncertainties of wind power and photovaltic output, and promote the accommodation of wind power and photovoltaic while taking the economy into account.关键词：intelligent building;integrated community energy system;chance-constrained programming;wind and photovoltaic power accommodation;Stacklberg game4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In order to promote the grid-connected accommodation of offshore wind power and improve the operational energy efficiency of coastal industrial parks including power-to-gas (P2G), an optimal dispatch method of integrated energy systems with P2G considering integrated demand response and cascade energy utilization is proposed. First, an integrated energy system architecture including P2G is constructed. Then, aiming at the accommodation of wind power in the system, an integrated demand response model combining multi-energy load reduction and transfer, as well as energy coupling conversion is proposed. In view of the low energy efficiency of the system, the energy coupling and cascade utilization relationship of the system is excavated, the cascade utilization model of each energy coupling device including P2G is established, and the high-grade use of hydrogen energy is realized in combination with the actual use demand of hydrogen energy. Finally, taking into account the forecast error of wind power output, aiming at the minimum operation cost of the system, and using the comprehensive energy utilization rate and carbon emission as quantitative indicators, a stochastic optimal dispatch model of the integrated energy system is constructed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation cases.关键词：integrated energy system;optimal dispatch;power-to-gas;demand response;wind power accommodation;energy cascade utilization;energy utilization efficiency2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With respect to the problem that the stochastic dynamic economic dispatch model is difficult to solve efficiently, this paper proposes a parallel multi-dimensional approximate dynamic programming algorithm for solving the stochastic dynamic economic dispatch rapidly for electricity-gas-heat integrated energy system (IES). This algorithm can aggregate the state variables in the original high-dimensional state space into the available capacity of the electrical storage system (ESS), and the available heat of the heat storage tank (HST) of the IES to achieve dimensionality reduction of the state space and solve the problem of “dimensional disaster” in the dynamic dispatch. In addition, this paper uses the operation constraints of ESS and HST to eliminate the invalid states and reduce the solving scale of the problem. In the fully trained value table model for uncertain scenarios such as wind power, electricity price and load, through the iterative optimization of the approximate value function, the value table containing empirical knowledge is employed to the online test to make the IES optimal dispatch decision deal with uncertainty. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is verified by taking the improved two power systems as examples.关键词：integrated energy system;economic dispatch;approximate dynamic programming;stochastic optimization;state space compression2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The mutual influence of electricity and gas in the electricity-gas regional integrated energy system makes the reliability evaluation method of model-driven single energy system no longer applicable. On the other hand, due to the natural gas, the calculation cost of short-term reliability evaluation is high. In order to comprehensively solve these two problems, a method is proposed which trains the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) with the results of the mechanism model, and evaluates the short-term reliability online by the LSSVM. Firstly, component reliability models are established, and an analysis method of failure consequences based on the system equivalent node model is proposed. On this basis, a model-driven short-term reliability evaluation method based on Monte Carlo simulation is proposed, and training samples are constructed. Then, the LSSVM regression model is constructed, and through offline training, the LSSVM model of the mapping between the system states and the short-term reliability indices is obtained, so as to realize real-time short-term reliability evaluation of the system. Finally, the test of electricity-gas regional integrated energy case system verifies the rapidity and accuracy of the proposed method.关键词：integrated energy system;reliability evaluation;least squares support vector machine (LSSVM);model-driven;equivalent node model2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The 5th generation district heating and cooling network (5GDHC) and the active distribution network form a complex new scenario of tight coupling of electricity-heat-cooling, heat prosumers and bi-directional transfer. Based on the traditional integrated energy network model, this paper proposes a multi-energy flow network model compatible with 5GDHC heat prosumers by comparing the different characteristics of 5GDHC and the traditional 1st to 4th generation district heating networks. The model systematically integrates the heat-sharing-enabled prosumer model, the heat and cooling demand overlap coefficient, the network temperature based heat pump model, and the complex water mixing due to bi-directional water flows. The model describes the heat and cooling power sharing of each prosumer spatiotemporally. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and method is verified by using the case with a 15-bus power distribution network and a 36-node heat network. The calculation results include the time-domain simulation of state variables (voltage, electric/heating/cooling power, temperature, mass flow rate, pressure, etc.), the comparison of operation costs with unbalanced heating and cooling system, and the combined operation of thermal storage and heat pumps.关键词：integrated energy system;district heating and cooling network;heat pump;heat prosumer;multi-energy flow;energy bus2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
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Electricity Plan Recommendation Method Based on Implicit Score of Electricity Plan and User Portrait
摘要：For the market demands of electricity retailers in providing differentiated electricity selling services and improving user stickiness, an electricity plan recommendation method based on the implicit score of electricity plan and user portrait is proposed. First, by extracting specified labels to represent the characteristics of electricity plans, the historical purchase behaviors of users are introduced as the implicit score of the corresponding plans, and a label-based user portrait model considering the attenuation of user preference is constructed. Then, the Pearson correlation coefficient and Euclidean distance are used to evaluate the similarity of time-sharing load and total load demand between users, respectively, and a label weighting method based on the two-scale similarity clustering of users' load profiles and the silhouette coefficient is proposed. On this basis, a user portrait similarity evaluation model is constructed based on the weighted Euclidean distance, and a collaborative filtering based electricity plan recommendation method is proposed to select and recommend the most economical electricity plans for target users. The electricity plan recommendation simulation is carried out for users with different load demands and electricity consumption habits. The results show that the proposed electricity plan recommendation method can explore consumption preferences of users according to their historical purchase information, so as to improve the accuracy of electricity plan recommendation of electricity retailers.关键词：electricity plan;electricity selling implicit score;user portrait;silhouette coefficient;collaborative filtering2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16 - 摘要：The commutation failure prevention (CFPREV) would increase the reactive power consumed by the high voltage direct current (HVDC) system when it is triggered for commutation failure mitigation. There is a reactive power interaction between converter stations. The above inherent characteristic weakens the effectiveness and applicability of CFPREV in the multi-infeed HVDC system, which may even cause the cascading commutation failures among multiple HVDC systems. To overcome the limitation of CFPREV, a coordinated control method is proposed for the mitigation of cascading commutation failures of multple HVDC systems. First, a comprehensive index that represents the real-time commutation voltage states of multiple HVDC systems is presented. Then, the real-time commutation voltage states of multiple HVDC systems are introduced into the original control strategy to coordinate and control CFPREV with consideration of the reactive power interaction. Simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC show that the cascading commutation failure among multiple HVDC systems can be effectively mitigated by the proposed method.关键词：high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission;commutation failure;trigger in advance;reactive power interaction;coordinated control;multi-infeed HVDC system2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Basic Research
- 摘要：The widespread access of the 5th generation mobile communication (5G) base stations containing renewable energy source (RES) is conducive to promoting the low-carbon development of communication facilities. However, the uncertainty of RES and communication load brings challenges to the safe operation of 5G base stations and power grids. Based on the above issues, this paper proposes a multi-time-scale rolling optimization scheduling model for 5G base stations considering the backup energy storage and air-conditioning scheduling potential, with the lowest comprehensive operation cost of base stations as the objective function in the day-ahead phase. The intraday phase is based on the day-ahead plan, and minimizes the penalty cost of power deviation and the cost of temperature deviation by adjusting the output of backup energy storage and inverter air-conditioner. Then, a method based on Markov repairable system with repair time omission is adopted to evaluate the dispatchable capacity of the backup energy storage, which is integrated into the optimization model as the boundary constraint of the energy storage model to improve the reliability of the base station power supply. The simulation results show that the proposed model can reduce the base station operation cost by 2.98% compared with the day-ahead value, and the tie-line power fluctuation rate is only 3.19%, which can improve the operation economic efficiency of base stations while effectively reducing the influence of source-load fluctuation on the actual operation of the system.关键词：5G (the 5th generation mobile communication) base station;multi-time-scale;rolling optimization;energy storage;inverter air-conditioning2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Transient stability assessment models based on deep learning usually require a large number of labeled samples for offline training. Once the topologies or operation conditions of power grids change greatly, the pre-trained model deteriorates in performance and even becomes ineffective, resulting in a certain blank window during the online assessment. In order to solve this problem, taking deep belief network (DBN) as the research carrier, this paper combines deep learning, transfer learning and active learning to propose an active transfer learning method based on DBN model. Firstly, DBN is trained to mine the mapping relationship between input features and transient stability assessment results, so as to obtain better effect for transient stability assessment. Secondly, when the topologies or operation conditions change substantially, a large number of unlabeled samples are generated through short-term simulation, and active learning is exploited to select the minimum number of samples with the most information. Then, these selected samples are labeled by long-term simulation, which effectively reduces the time of sample generation. Finally, the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) of the data distribution between the source domain and the target domain is calculated to select different transfer paths. The transfer time is further shortened on the premise of ensuring the transfer effect. The simulations on New England 10-unit 39-bus system, NPCC 48-unit 140-bus system and central China power grid are carried out, and the results verify that the proposed method has high accuracy, rapidity and robustness, which effectively shortens the blank window period of online application of the deep learning model.关键词：deep learning;transient stability assessment;transfer learning;active learning;deep belief network2|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The high-frequency oscillation of large-scale renewable energy islanded transmission system through the modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) system is increasingly prominent in recent projects. In this paper, a mathematical impedance model of MMC with different frequency-coupling characteristics is developed with consideration of the inner dynamic process of the primary main circuit equipment, control link delay, sequence component separation link, inner and outer loop control links. The mathematical model is simplified to determine the high-frequency oscillation mechanism caused by the integration of islanded renewable energy station into the MMC-HVDC system, which is that the control link delay, inner loop current feedback and voltage feedforward link format the high-frequency negative damping of the MMC-HVDC system. The key factors affecting the high-frequency impedance characteristics of the MMC are obtained. Based on the key factors, the suppression schemes of high-frequency oscillation caused by the integration of islanded renewable energy station into MMC-HVDC system are also suggested. The corresponding solutions have been verified in the PSCAD model and the high-frequency oscillation problem in the engineering sites of Zhangbei and Rudong renewable energy transmission projects of China through the MMC-HVDC system has been solved.关键词：modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) transmission;high-frequency oscillation;islanded renewable energy station;control link delay;sequence component separation2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In order to effectively suppress the short-circuit current of the multi-terminal flexible DC power grid, this paper proposes a quantitative method of fault suppression characteristics of current flow controller (CFC) based on the current limiting contribution to analyze the influence of CFC parameters on the fault current. First, the operation characteristics of the bridge topology CFC composed of full bridge switches and capacitors in parallel are analyzed, and the control strategy in the fault current limiting control mode when a fault occurs is proposed, as well as the operation sequence coordinated with the DC circuit breaker. The equivalent circuit of the DC power grid with CFC current limiting is constructed, and the analytical expression of current in each stage of fault occurrence is derived. On this basis, the analysis method of CFC current limiting contribution is proposed to study the suppression characteristics of CFC on flexible DC fault current with different parameters and operation sequences.关键词：DC power grid;current flow controller (CFC);short-circuit current calculation;fault current limiting;DC circuit breaker;fault current suppression characteristic2|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Flexible DC distribution network is an important development direction of the future distribution network because it has good renewable accommodation capability. The control response speed of power electronic devices is fast, which leads to the fast switching of each stage after the fault and different fault characteristics, and brings the challenges to the rapidity and adaptability of the protection methods. On the basis of analyzing the fault characteristics of each stage after the fault of flexible DC distribution lines, this paper proposes a pilot comparison protection method for flexible DC distribution networks, which is applicable to the whole fault process. In this method, the quadratic integration value of the voltage at the corresponding reference point is calculated by the electrical quantities at the measuring point. According to the positive and negative polarity of the quadratic integration value, it is judged whether the fault point is between the measuring point and the reference point, which is used as the fault judgment result of the protection unit. The pilot protection can judge the internal and external faults of the protected line by comparing the fault judgment results of the protection units on both ends. The fault simulation model of the flexible DC distribution network is built using PSCAD/EMTDC, and the correctness of the proposed method is verified by setting different fault locations. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately judge the internal and external faults in the whole fault process, and has high reliability, good applicability and strong resistance to transition resistance. It also has a good ability to deal with the calculation errors caused by distributed capacitance and noise interference.关键词：flexible DC grid;distribution network;pilot protection;reference point voltage;voltage quadratic integration2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In the flexible DC distribution system, the DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault makes the converters of the whole network quickly locked, which is faster than the action time of the DC circuit breaker, leading to the system outage and greatly reducing the reliability of the system. Therefore, this paper proposes a line protection method based on incipient fault section location for DC cable incipient short-circuit faults. Through the active injection of the local converter, the attenuation of the line impedance to the injected signal is weakened; the characteristics of incipient faults are displayed; the accurate identification and section location of incipient short-circuit faults are realized; and the problem of system power loss caused by short-circuit faults is solved. To avoid frequent injection, an injection starting criterion based on differential current measurement is proposed. The simulation results with PSCAD/EMTDC show that this method can accurately identify and locate the incipient fault section and promptly isolate the fault branch, and has a small impact on the system operation. It has a certain anti-noise ability, and guarantees the continuous and safe operation of the flexible DC distribution system.关键词：flexible DC power grid;power distribution system;line protection;cable fault;active injection2|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the extensive application of virtual synchronous generator technology, both AC and DC subgrids of the hybrid microgrid (HMG) have the inertia. When the AC and DC subgrids with different inertia characteristics are interconnected by an interlinking converter (ILC), the dynamic characteristics of the subgrids are coupled by ILC. Therefore, this paper establishes a small-signal model of HMG with the inertia of both AC and DC subgrids, and analyzes the influence law of bilateral inertia of subgrids on the dynamic performance and stability of HMG. Aiming at the problems of power oscillation and the overshoot of change rate after the interconnection of AC and DC subgrids, a dynamic power control strategy of ILC considering bilateral inertia constraints is proposed. Taking the dynamic performance, system stability and power transmission limit of HMG as constraints, the parameters of the proposed dynamic power controller are designed and optimized. An HMG system built on StarSim semi-physical simulation platform verifies the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed dynamic power control strategy and parameter design scheme under various operation conditions.关键词：hybrid microgrid (HMG);power control;inertia;interlinking converter (ILC);dynamic performance;rate of change of voltage (RoCoV);rate of change of frequency (RoCoF)2|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In DC microgrid, when the dual active bridge (DAB) converter and the DC solid state transformer (DCSST) operate with the constant power load, the stability of the system is adversely affected due to the negative impedance characteristic of the constant power load. This paper proposes a new compound control strategy for the DC converter with constant power load based on the nonlinear disturbance observer and the backstepping control. The Brunovsky's standard types of mathematic models of DAB converter and DCSST are derived. The large-signal nonlinear disturbance estimation method based on the nonlinear disturbance observer is adopted as the feedforward compensation to improve the accuracy of output voltage regulation, and the stability of DAB converter and DCSST under large-signal disturbance is ensured by combining the backstepping control method. The experimental results show that the proposed control method can not only guarantee the stability of DAB converter and DCSST under the large-signal disturbance, but also ensure the fast dynamic response and accurate voltage tracking under different operation conditions.关键词：DC microgrid;dual active bridge (DAB) converter;DC solid state transformer (DCSST);constant power load;large-signal stability;nonlinear control;disturbance observer2|4|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Application Research
- 摘要：With the proposed goal of “carbon emission peaking and carbon neutrality”, the increasingly prominent problem of “high proportion of renewable energy and high proportion of power electronic equipment” in the future power grid will significantly impact the safe and stable operation of the system. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology can make the new energy equipment with the power electronic inverter as the interface have the power grid support capability similar to the synchronous generator, which has attracted wide attention. Firstly, this paper combs the grid-forming source and grid-following source, and introduces the principle, function and application of VSG at home and abroad. Secondly, combing the influence of VSG on the stability of the power system and the influence of current limitation on system operation. Finally, the role of VSG in the new power system is analyzed from the perspective of the auxiliary service, and the application of VSG is conceived on the levels of large power grid, distribution network and microgrid. The corresponding suggestions are also put forward for the development and follow-up research of VSG.关键词：virtual synchronous generator;stability;current limitation;auxiliary service2|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Review
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