
1.天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津市 300072
2.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京市 100192
Received:22 July 2025,
Revised:2026-03-31,
Online First:18 August 2026,
Published:10 December 2026
移动端阅览
李昕洪,盆海波,易杰宁等.抗量子安全在新型电力系统中的应用思考[J/OL].电力系统自动化, http://dx.doi.org/10.7500/AEPS20250722010.
LI Xinhong,PEN Haibo,YI Jiening,et al.Thoughts on Application of Post-quantum Security in New Power System[J/OL].Automation of Electric Power Systems, http://dx.doi.org/10.7500/AEPS20250722010.
随着量子计算技术的迅猛发展,传统密码系统安全性正面临前所未有的严峻挑战。量子计算的强大算力使得基于大数分解和离散对数难题的传统公钥密码算法可能被Shor算法快速破解。同时,量子计算也会显著降低对称密码算法的安全性。电力系统作为国家能源供给基础设置,在后量子时代面临急迫的量子计算威胁。文中首先系统梳理了主流的抗量子密码技术,包括基于格的密码学、基于哈希的签名算法、多变量公钥密码学和基于编码的密码学等,并对其实用性进行了分析。其次,从身份认证、数据防篡改、数据传输加密、数据管理等方面分析了电力系统中的密码应用现状。然后,针对电力系统特征,对后量子时代其面临的特有量子计算威胁进行分析。最后,讨论了电力系统实施抗量子算法面临的挑战,如算法性能开销、密钥长度增加、现有设备升级改造以及标准规范建设等问题,并提出了相应的解决方案,展望了未来发展趋势。研究表明,提前布局抗量子密码技术是保障未来电力系统信息安全的紧迫任务,须在技术、成本和标准等方面进行综合考虑和规划。
With the rapid development of quantum computing technology
the security of traditional cryptosystems is facing unprecedented severe challenges. The powerful computing capability of quantum computers enables Shor's algorithm to rapidly break traditional public key cryptography algorithms based on the integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. Meanwhile
quantum computing can also significantly weaken the security of symmetric cryptographic algorithms. As the national infrastructure for energy supply
power systems are confronted with urgent threats from quantum computing in the post-quantum era. This paper first systematically reviews mainstream post-quantum cryptography technologies
including lattice-based cryptography
Hash-based signature algorithms
multivariate public key cryptography
and code-based cryptography
and analyzes their practicality. Second
the current application status of cryptography in power systems is analyzed from the perspectives of identity authentication
data anti-tampering
encrypted data transmission
and data management. Third
the unique quantum computing threats to power systems in the post-quantum era are analyzed according to the characteristics of power systems. Finally
the challenges of deploying post-quantum algorithms in power systems are discussed
such as algorithm performance overhead
increased key size
upgrade and retrofitting of existing equipment
and the development of standards and specifications. Corresponding countermeasures are put forward
and future development trends are prospected. The study shows that the early deployment of post-quantum cryptography is an urgent task to guarantee the cybersecurity of future power systems
which requires comprehensive consideration and planning in terms of technology
cost
standards and other aspects.
D-Wave Systems Inc . Developing quantum computing infrastructure for service optimization [EB/OL]. [ 2024-08-20 ]. https://www.dwavesys.com https://www.dwavesys.com .
Arute F , Arya K , Babbush R , et al . Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor [J]. Nature , 2019 , 574 ( 7779 ): 505 - 510 .
唐波 . 基于PKI技术在电力系统信息网络中的安全应用分析 [J]. 消费电子 , 2021 ( 12 ): 48 .
Tang Bo . Analysis of security applications based on PKI technology in power system information network [J]. Consumer Electronics Magazine , 2021 ( 12 ): 48 .
方向 . 电力系统计算机网络信息安全的防护 [J]. 网络安全和信息化 , 2024 ( 11 ): 137 - 139 .
Fang Xiang . Protection of computer network information security in power system [J]. Cybersecurity & Informatization , 2024 ( 11 ): 137 - 139 .
杨挺 , 许哲铭 , 赵英杰 , 等 . 数字化新型电力系统攻击与防御方法研究综述 [J]. 电力系统自动化 , 2024 , 48 ( 6 ): 112 - 126 .
Yang Ting , Xu Zheming , Zhao Yingjie , et al . Review on research of attack and defense methods for digitalized new power system [J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2024 , 48 ( 6 ): 112 - 126 .
Shekhawat H , Gupta D S . A survey on lattice-based security and authentication schemes for smart-grid networks in the post-quantum era [J]. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience , 2024 , 36 ( 14 ): e8080 .
National Institute of Standards and Technology . Post-quantum cryptography [EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-15 ]. https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography .
Grover L K . Synthesis of quantum superpositions by quantum computation [J]. Physical Review Letters , 2000 , 85 ( 6 ): 1334 - 1337 .
王凤和 . 格密码的设计与安全证明技术 [M]. 北京 : 北京邮电大学出版社 , 2020 .
Wang Fenghe . Design and security proof technology of lattice cipher [M]. Beijing : Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Press , 2020 .
刘文瑞 . 抗量子计算攻击密码体制发展分析 [J]. 通信技术 , 2017 , 50 ( 5 ): 1054 - 1059 .
Liu Wenrui . Quantum computing attack password system development analysis [J]. Communications Technology , 2017 , 50 ( 5 ): 1054 - 1059 .
Regev O . On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography [J]. Journal of the ACM , 2009 , 56 ( 6 ): 1 - 40 .
王超 , 韩益亮 , 段晓巍 , 等 . 基于RLWE困难假设的NTRU型代理重加密方案 [J]. 密码学报 , 2021 , 8 ( 5 ): 909 - 920 .
Wang Chao , Han Yiliang , Duan Xiaowei , et al . NTRU-type proxy re-encryption scheme based on RLWE difficult assumption [J]. Journal of Cryptologic Reseatch , 2021 , 8 ( 5 ): 909 - 920 .
Shin D , Kim Y , Seo S C . Optimizing Crystals-Dilithium implementation in 16-bit MSP430 environment utilizing hardware multiplier [J]. ICT Express , 2025 , 11 ( 1 ): 59 - 65 .
Zhao H , Zhao C K , Zhu W P , et al . Sparse polynomial multiplication-based high-performance hardware implementation for CRYSTALS-dilithium [C]// IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) , 2024 : 150 - 159 .
Raavi M , Wuthier S , Zhou X B , et al . Post-quantum QUIC protocol in cloud networking [C]// Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit) , 2023 : 573 - 578 .
张磊 , 赵光岳 , 肖超恩 , 等 . Falcon后量子算法的密钥树生成部件GPU并行优化设计与实现 [J]. 计算机工程 , 2024 , 50 ( 9 ): 208 - 215 .
Zhang Lei , Zhao Guangyue , Xiao Chaoen , et al . GPU parallel optimal design and implementation of key tree generation components for falcon post-quantum algorithms [J]. Computer Engineering , 2024 , 50 ( 9 ): 208 - 215 .
Qiao K X , Wang Z Y , Chang H , et al . A closer look at the belief propagation algorithm in side-channel attack on CCA-secure PQC KEM [J]. Science China Information Sciences , 2024 , 67 ( 11 ): 212302 .
Gewehr C , Luza L , Moraes F G . Hardware acceleration of Crystals-Kyber in low-complexity embedded systems with RISC-V instruction set extensions [J]. IEEE Access , 2024 , 12 : 94477 - 94495 .
Saoudi M , Kermiche A , Benhaddad O H , et al . Low latency FPGA implementation of NTT for kyber [J]. Microprocessors and Microsystems , 2024 , 107 : 105059 .
Howe J , Martinoli M , Oswald E , et al . Exploring parallelism to improve the performance of FrodoKEM in hardware [J]. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering , 2021 , 11 ( 4 ): 317 - 327 .
郑志勇 . 后量子密码的数学原理 [M]. 北京 : 高等教育出版社 , 2023 .
Zheng Zhiyong . Mathematical theory of post-quantum cryptography [M]. Beijing : Higher Education Press , 2023 .
Suma M R , Madhumathy P . Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan fully homomorphic encryption cryptography for privacy preserved data access in cloud assisted Internet of Things services using glow-worm swarm optimization [J]. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies , 2022 , 33 ( 12 ): e4641 .
Mohan P , Wang W , Jungk B , et al . ASIC accelerator in 28 nm for the post-quantum digital signature scheme XMSS [C]// IEEE 38th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD) , 2020 : 656 - 662 .
Cooper D . Stateless Hash-based digital signature standard [EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-08 ]. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.205.ipd.pdf https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.205.ipd.pdf .
Sim M , Eum S , Song G , et al . K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS + : enhancing security in next-generation mobile communication and Internet systems with hash based signatures using Korean cryptography algorithms [J]. Sensors , 2023 , 23 ( 17 ): 7558 .
Kwon H , Kim H , Sim M , et al . Look-up the rainbow: table-based implementation of rainbow signature on 64-bit ARMv8 processors [J]. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems , 2023 , 22 ( 5 ): 1 - 19 .
郑志勇 . 现代密码学 [M]. 北京 : 中国人民大学出版社 , 2022 .
Zheng Zhiyong . Modern cryptography [M]. Beijing : China Renmin University Press , 2022 .
Kapshikar U , Mahalanobis A . Niederreiter cryptosystems using quasi-cyclic codes that resist quantum Fourier sampling [PP/OL]. V3. arXiv ( 2021-11-07 )[ 2025-01-08 ]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1911.00661 https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1911.00661 .
Lee M , Jang J , Kim S , et al . Improved frobenius FFT for code-based cryptography on cortex-M4 [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2025 , 12 ( 17 ): 36318 - 36327 .
Lin K Z , Lin J M , Cai S P , et al . Compressed M-SIDH: an instance of compressed SIDH-like schemes with isogenies of highly composite degrees [J]. Designs, Codes and Cryptography , 2024 , 92 ( 6 ): 1823 - 1843 .
Castryck W , Decru T . An efficient key recovery attack on SIDH [C]// Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT , 2023 : 423 - 447 .
Maino L , Martindale C , Panny L , et al . A direct key recovery attack on SIDH [C]// Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT , 2023 : 448 - 471 .
Yesina M V , Ostrianska Y V , Gorbenko I D . Status report on the third round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process [J]. Radiotekhnika , 2022 ( 210 ): 75 - 86 .
Alagic G , Bros M , Ciadoux P , et al . Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process: NIST IR 8545 [R]. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2025 .
Zhao Y Q , Pan S J , Ma H C , et al . Side channel security oriented evaluation and protection on hardware implementations of kyber [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers , 2023 , 70 ( 12 ): 5025 - 5035 .
奇安信 . 密码服务体系解决方案 [EB/OL].[ 2025-07-12 ]. https://hk.qianxin.com/trade/detail/tid/125 https://hk.qianxin.com/trade/detail/tid/125 .
Qi-anxin . Cryptographic service system solution [EB/OL]. [ 2025-07-12 ]. https://hk.qianxin.com/trade/detail/tid/125 https://hk.qianxin.com/trade/detail/tid/125 .
龚静 . 配电网综合自动化技术 [M]. 北京 : 机械工业出版社 , 2023 .
Gong Jing . Distribution network integrated automation technology [M]. Beijing : China Machine Press , 2023 .
董朝武 , 肖智宏 , 辛培哲 , 等 . 新型配电网多元业务与多模通信适配性评估方法 [J]. 电力建设 , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 1 - 12 .
Dong Chaowu , Xiao Zhihong , Xin Peizhe , et al . Evaluation method of multiple service and multi-mode communication adaptability of new distribution networks [J]. Electric Power Construction , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 1 - 12 .
闫旻睿 , 于淼 , 万克厅 , 等 . 针对信息攻击的含风电接入微电网信息物理系统脆弱性评估 [J]. 电力系统自动化 , 2024 , 48 ( 24 ): 88 - 100 .
Yan Minrui , Yu Miao , Wan Keting , et al . Vulnerability assessment against cyber attacks for microgrid cyber physical system with wind power integration [J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2024 , 48 ( 24 ): 88 - 100 .
Sadhukhan D , Ray S , Obaidat M S , et al . A secure and privacy preserving lightweight authentication scheme for smart-grid communication using elliptic curve cryptography [J]. Journal of Systems Architecture , 2021 , 114 : 101938 .
Degefa F B , Lee D , Kim J , et al . Performance and security enhanced authentication and key agreement protocol for SAE/LTE network [J]. Computer Networks , 2016 , 94 : 145 - 163 .
上海电力大学 , 上海云剑信息技术有限公司 . 一种基于国密算法的多因子动态身份认证方法 : CN202310491205.3 [P]. 2023-07-18 .
Shanghai University of Electric Power , Shanghai Yunjian Information Technology Co. , Ltd . A multi-factor dynamic identity authentication method based on national secret algorithm : CN202310491205.3 [P]. 2023-07-18 .
曹小明 , 张华兵 , 叶思斯 , 等 . 结合ECC算法的电力监控网络智能接入协议 [J]. 沈阳工业大学学报 , 2024 , 46 ( 1 ): 60 - 65 .
Cao Xiaoming , Zhang Huabing , Ye Sisi , et al . Security access protocol of power monitoring network based on ECC algorithm [J]. Journal of Shenyang University of Technology , 2024 , 46 ( 1 ): 60 - 65 .
Wang B , Ma M D . A server independent authentication scheme for RFID systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics , 2012 , 8 ( 3 ): 689 - 696 .
Zhang J , Li J E , Chen X , et al . A security scheme for intelligent substation communications considering real-time performance [J]. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy , 2019 , 7 ( 4 ): 948 - 961 .
张睿恺 . 基于国密算法的新能源厂站安全接入系统的研究 [D]. 北京 : 华北电力大学 , 2020 .
Zhang Ruikai . Research on the secure access system of new energy plants based on SM2 algorithm [D]. Beijing : North China Electric Power University , 2020 .
杨霞 , 雷林 , 吴新勇 , 等 . 采用数字签名技术的可信启动方法研究 [J]. 电子科技大学学报 , 2016 , 45 ( 3 ): 448 - 452 .
Yang Xia , Lei Lin , Wu Xinyong , et al . Research on the trusted-boot technology using digital signature technique [J]. Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , 2016 , 45 ( 3 ): 448 - 452 .
Seyhan K , Akleylek S . Classification of random number generator applications in IoT: a comprehensive taxonomy [J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications , 2022 , 71 : 103365 .
Ghosal A , Conti M . Key management systems for smart grid advanced metering infrastructure: a survey [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 2019 , 21 ( 3 ): 2831 - 2848 .
GB/T 17468—2019 电力变压器选用导则 [S].
GB/T 17468—2019 Guide for choice power transformers [S].
Joseph D , Misoczki R , Manzano M , et al . Transitioning organizations to post-quantum cryptography [J]. Nature , 2022 , 605 ( 7909 ): 237 - 243 .
DL/T 1363—2014 电网建设项目文件归档与档案整理规范 [S].
DL/T 1363—2014 Filing of records and archival arrangement of power grid construction project [S].
Cellcrypt . Post-quantum cryptography: understanding the store-now, decrypt-later threat [EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-18 ]. https://www.cellcrypt.com https://www.cellcrypt.com .
刘伯文 . 配电自动化终端优化布置研究 [D]. 北京 : 华北电力大学 , 2023 .
Liu Bowen . Research on optimal layout of feeder terminal units [D]. Beijing : North China Electric Power University , 2023 .
GB/T 36572—2018 电力监控系统网络安全防护导则 [S].
GB/T 36572—2018 Guidelines of cyber security protection for electric power system supervision and control [S].
Yan W Z , Mestha L K , Abbaszadeh M . Attack detection for securing cyber physical systems [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2019 , 6 ( 5 ): 8471 - 8481 .
Zadsar M , Abazari A , Ameli A , et al . Prevention and detection of coordinated false data injection attacks on integrated power and gas systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , 2023 , 38 ( 5 ): 4252 - 4268 .
国家发展和改革委员会 . 电力监控系统安全防护规定 [EB/OL].[ 2025-01-25 ]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2025/issue_11806/202501/content_6999383.html https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2025/issue_11806/202501/content_6999383.html .
National Development and Reform Commission . Provisions on security protection for electric power supervision and control systems [EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-25 ]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2025/issue_11806/202501/content_6999383.html https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2025/issue_11806/202501/content_6999383.html .
Baanstra C A . Scenarios and interventions for the Dutch energy market: preparing to be quantum-safe [R]. 2024 .
李达 , 杨珂 , 郭庆雷 . 面向虚拟电厂电力交易的隐私保护结算模型 [J]. 电网技术 , 2024 , 48 ( 9 ): 3713 - 3723 .
Li Da , Yang Ke , Guo Qinglei . A privacy-preserving settlement model for power transactions in virtual power plants [J]. Power System Technology , 2024 , 48 ( 9 ): 3713 - 3723 .
Costa V L R D , López J , Ribeiro M V . A system-on-a-chip implementation of a post-quantum cryptography scheme for smart meter data communications [J]. Sensors , 2022 , 22 ( 19 ): 7214 .
Wong Z Y , Wong D C K , Lee W K , et al . High-speed RLWE-oriented polynomial multiplier utilizing karatsuba algorithm [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ: Express Briefs , 2021 , 68 ( 6 ): 2157 - 2161 .
Fan K , Ren Y S , Bai Y H , et al . Fault-tolerant and collusion-resistant lattice-based multidimensional privacy-preserving data aggregation in edge-based smart grid [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal , 2024 , 11 ( 6 ): 9487 - 9504 .
Seiler G . Faster AVX2 optimized NTT multiplication for Ring-LWE lattice cryptography [J]. Cryptology ePrint Archive , 2018 .
Zhang N , Feldman M , Olukotun K . High performance lattice regression on FPGAs via a high level hardware description language [C]// International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (ICFPT) , 2021 : 1 - 10 .
胡希 , 向宏 , 丁津泰 , 等 . 后量子密码迁移趋势下应用于区块链的公钥密码安全 [J]. 密码学报 , 2023 , 10 ( 2 ): 219 - 245 .
Hu Xi , Xiang Hong , Ding Jintai , et al . Security of public key cryptography in blockchain under the trend on post-quantum cryptography migration [J]. Journal of Cryptologic Reseatch , 2023 , 10 ( 2 ): 219 - 245 .
Paul S , Kuzovkova Y , Lahr N , et al . Mixed certificate chains for the transition to post-quantum authentication in TLS 1.3 [C]// ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security , 2022 : 727 - 740 .
国网协议网关延长充电桩的使用寿命 [EB/OL].[ 2025-01-20 ]. https://wisewish.cn https://wisewish.cn .
The State Grid protocol gateway extends the service life of charging piles [EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-20 ]. https://wisewish.cn https://wisewish.cn .
Li J X , Li B , Wo T Y , et al . CyberGuarder: a virtualization security assurance architecture for green cloud computing [J]. Future Generation Computer Systems , 2012 , 28 ( 2 ): 379 - 390 .
Da Costa V L R , Camponogara  , López J , et al . The feasibility of the CRYSTALS-kyber scheme for smart metering systems [J]. IEEE Access , 2022 , 10 : 131303 - 131317 .
周天 , 郑昉昱 , 林璟锵 , 等 . 后量子密码算法的软件实现研究 [J]. 密码学报 , 2024 , 11 ( 2 ): 308 - 343 .
Zhou Tian , Zheng Fangyu , Lin Jingqiang , et al . On software implementations of post-quantum cryptography [J]. Journal of Cryptologic Reseatch , 2024 , 11 ( 2 ): 308 - 343 .
冯宝 , 赵子岩 , 卞宇翔 , 等 . 面向新型电力系统的量子保密通信技术及应用 [J]. 信息通信技术与政策 , 2025 , 51 ( 7 ): 33 - 42 .
Feng Bao , Zhao Ziyan , Bian Yuxiang , et al . Quantum secure communication technology and application for new power system [J]. Information and Communications Technology and Policy , 2025 , 51 ( 7 ): 33 - 42 .
IEC 62351 Cyber security series for the smart grid [S].
Shim K A . A survey on post-quantum public-key signature schemes for secure vehicular communications [J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2022 , 23 ( 9 ): 14025 - 14042 .
抗量子密码技术与应用白皮书(2024) [EB/OL].[ 2025-01-15 ]. https://www.sansec.com.cn/news_detail/1.html https://www.sansec.com.cn/news_detail/1.html .
White paper on post‑quantum cryptography technologies and applications( 2024 )[EB/OL]. [ 2025-01-15 ]. https://www.sansec.com.cn/news_detail/1.html https://www.sansec.com.cn/news_detail/1.html .
中国主导制定量子密钥分发安全检测技术国际标准 [EB/OL].[ 2024-10-21 ]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340/20289/index.html https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340/20289/index.html .
China leads the development of international standards for quantum key distribution security‑testing technologies [EB/OL]. [ 2024-10-21 ]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340/20289/index.html https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340/20289/index.html .
新华网 . 中国将牵头制定抗量子攻击的通信网络安全协议设计指南 [J]. 信息网络安全 , 2024 , 24 ( 11 ): 1796 .
Xinhuanet . China will take the lead in formulating a design guide for communication network security protocols against quantum attacks [J]. Netinfo Security , 2024 , 24 ( 11 ): 1796 .
0
Views
0
下载量
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621